The final Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI) were released on October 30, 2024. Language provided in the final LCRI provides additional time beyond the initial inventory to submit the “Baseline” inventory. This additional time will allow water systems to identify the remaining lead-status unknown service lines to achieve the goal of complete lead service line removal within the 10-year timeframe. many initial inventories consist of high percentages of lead-status unknown service lines, which was not unexpected given the and availability of, and information on, cost/time effective methods for service line identification. Moreover, the final LCRI also includes a validation protocol that will be required once all service line materials are identified and submitted to the primacy agency prior to lead service line replacement. The validation protocol is based on a statistical test of proportions analysis that uses a subset of service lines identified as non-lead without visual confirmation. This subset is then checked by a visual method to confirm non-lead status. Given the challenges associated with locating record and identifying buried pipes, and considering the validation framework, US EPA’s Office of Research and Development has been reviewing emerging technologies, methods, and approaches with a focus on minimally invasive techniques to identify service line material. This presentation will discuss promising technologies/methods, their science, history, key attributes, pitfalls, costs, as well as practical implementation in the context of requirements in the LCRI. Water system administrators and operators will be given information to consider when evaluating emerging technologies for baseline inventory completion. Also, key considerations for primacy agencies and public water systems who are considering approving/implementing such technologies will be discussed with a focus on data resulting from a pilot study conducted at a Tennessee public water system.