The EPA has identified three treatment options as the Best Available Technology for PFAS Removal: Powder Activated Carbon (PAC) or Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), ion exchange (IX) resins, and high-pressure membranes including reverse osmosis and nanofiltration (RO/NF). Appropriate strategies for PFAS removal in drinking water treatment plants vary widely depending on the needs of the client and the level of PFAS present in source water. This presentation will address key PFAS design parameters and methods for screening which treatment technologies are best suited for each case. There will be a particular focus on operations and maintenance impacts for each technology, including any impacts of recent EPA risk assessments and regulations. PAC design considerations: •When PFAS levels are relatively low in source water, PAC may be a viable treatment solution. Does the WTP already have a PAC system installed? Can the plant handle additional solids loading introduced by feeding more PAC? GAC considerations: •Could existing traditional filters be converted to dual purpose filter-adsorbers by replacing anthracite media with GAC? A review of underdrain style, filter depth, empty bed contact time, and backwash protocols and pumping capacities can determine the feasibility of a filter-adsorber configuration. •With GAC contactors as a standalone treatment step, will space constraints allow required storage and redundancy for backwashing and media replacement? Is media regeneration feasible? IX considerations: •Does the plant experience water quality characteristics that may lead to fouling or required adjustments to chlorination strategy? RO/NF considerations: •Are individual PFAS concentrations high enough to warrant high costs associated with membranes?