This presentation will provide per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) treatment considerations for both drinking water and wastewater utilities. Drinking Water The US Environmental Protection Agency has a proposed regulation for six PFAS compounds in drinking water. Once finalized, drinking water utilities will have three years to comply with the new rule, putting pressure on them to evaluate treatment alternatives and implement the solution on an accelerated timeline. Many utilities do not have direct experience with the existing treatment alternatives, including granular activated carbon (GAC), anion exchange (AIX), nano-filtration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO), powdered activated carbon (PAC), and novel adsorbents. This presentation will review the relative strengths and weaknesses of the available treatment technologies and present a decision-making tool to assist utilities in evaluating economic and non-economic criteria associated with each treatment alternative. The presentation will also include an overview of the economic investment required to implement the most common treatment technologies, developed by Black & Veatch for AWWA’s national PFAS treatment cost model. The cost model is useful for planning-level evaluations to help identify and secure funding to implement treatment and screen at a high level, the relative capital and operational costs. Finally, this presentation will present a roadmap for utility compliance with the pending rule, including our experience and lessons learned from various planning and study phase evaluations, bench- and pilot-testing, and full-scale installations. We will share our experiences of issues encountered while developing bench- and pilot-scale protocols, as well as some of the take-aways from the design, construction, and operation of the largest GAC treatment facility used for PFAS treatment in the country. The decision tool, cost model, and case study described in this presentation can be used by utilities to help navigate the proposed PFAS rule. Wastewater While providing PFAS protection on the potable drinking water is paramount, many utilities are looking at issues associated with PFAS related discharges from resource recovery treatment facilities. This begins with understanding the levels being discharged to the treatment facility, the fate and transport of the PFAS compounds through the treatment facility, and potential liquid and solids disposal requirements. Through 2024, the USEPA is finalizing clean water test methods, issuing draft regulations on acceptance of discharges from landfills to treatment plants, CERLA guidance, and the biosolids risk assessment. All these items can and will have an impact on how utilities deal with PFAS. Wastewater utilities are also examining the economics of PFAS treatment at the treatment plants. Initially these costs are very expensive, and therefore utilities are commonly focused on working with the industrial community to reduce PFAS loads discharged. Work is being completed on deployment of innovative technologies that can be utilized by industrial users if they have to treat PFAS compounds in their waste streams. Testing is being completed to validate pollutant removal through separation, concentration, and mineralization, as well as the associated economics. This presentation will discuss the overall costs of PFAS treatment at wastewater treatment plants and the overall loading to facilities if industries take responsibility for treatment.